Napol éon became ruler of France in November 1799 when he participated in a coup d ’etat, overthrowing the Directory. The wars encompassed eight separate military campaigns divided into three broader periods: 1803 to 1807, the ascendancy of Napoleonic power in Europe 1807 to 1812, the height of Napol éon ’s Grand Empire and 1812 to 1815, the decline and fall of Napol éon ’s empire. Ultimately, the wars extended to all corners of the European continent, profoundly affecting European politics, society, and culture.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803 –1815) were fought between the French emperor, Napol éon Bonaparte (Napol éon I 1769 –1821) and the European powers of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
